豌豆蚜为害对苜蓿品种酶活性和营养物质的影响

为了探讨苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对蚜虫取食防御反应的生化机制,本研究通过室内人工接虫,研究了豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)取食后苜蓿体内防御性酶活性、营养物质含量的动态变化。结果表明,豌豆蚜为害7 d后,与低抗品种(惊喜、WL343HQ和德宝)相比,抗虫品种(三得利、MF4020、皇后、皇冠和SR4030)的苜蓿幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及可溶性糖活性变化总体上显著增高(P0.01),多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化显著降低(P0.01),中抗品种(柏拉图、甘农4号、先行者和中苜3号)介于其间,可溶性蛋白质含量变化量无明显规律。     

俄罗斯引进鲁梅克斯新品种在黑龙江省的推广种植

黑龙江省北部全年低温时间较长,西部地区土地盐碱化严重,是制约黑龙江农牧业发展的两大主要因素。为了筛选出与黑龙江省气候和土壤类型相适应的牧草,本研究对从俄罗斯引进的鲁梅克斯新品种‘ЩавельЧемпион’在黑龙江省不同积温带的5个具有代表性的种植点阿城、肇州、逊克、嫩江和呼玛的农艺性状和营养价值进行研究。结果表明,该品种在肇州的生长状况明显差于其它地区,而在嫩江的生长状况明显优于其它地区;产量则表现为阿城、逊克和嫩江较高,产量均在150t·hm-2以上,肇州和呼玛略低,但产量也均在120t·hm-2以上。从营养数据可以看出,阿城种植区的粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量显著高于其它地区(P0.05),其中粗蛋白为18.41%,粗脂肪为3.82%;肇州种植区的粗纤维含量显著低于其它地区,含量为10.75%,而粗灰分含量显著高于(P0.05)其它各种植区,达到14.85%;嫩江种植区钙含量显著高于其它地区;肇州种植区的干物质含量显著高于其它地区。结果表明,引进新品种‘ЩавельЧемпион’适应性强,能够在黑龙江省不同区域不同土壤上种植并推广。     

松嫩草地不同植物功能群土壤细菌的碳源利用

基于Biolog-Eco技术,研究了长期受放牧干扰的松嫩草地羊草(Leymus chinensis)、禾草、豆科植物和杂类草4类植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用规律。结果表明,4类植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况各不相同。其中,杂类草功能群土壤细菌代谢活性最高,其次是禾草功能群、羊草功能群,豆科植物功能群最低。4类植物功能群土壤细菌均对糖类和氨基酸这两类碳源利用较好,对酚酸和胺类这两类碳源利用情况较差。杂类草的Shannon-Wiener指数,Pielou均匀度指数以及Gini多样性指数最高,而豆科的最低。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤中全氮和有机质对杂类草及豆科植物功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况影响较大,电导率、pH以及含水量则对羊草和禾草功能群土壤细菌碳源利用情况影响较大。     

利用家蚕表达合成人表皮生长因子(EGF)及产物对胃粘膜损伤的修复作用

基于家蚕杆状病毒密码子的偏爱性,对人表皮生长因子基因(hEGF)的部分密码子进行修改后合成一个新的基因,命名为CSEGF。所合成的CSEGF能编码同hEGF完全一致的氨基酸序列,并被重组进家蚕杆状病毒获得重组Bm-BacCSEGF。重组病毒感染家蚕后,该基因在家蚕中的表达量达28.4μg/mL幼虫血淋巴及33.07μg/mL蛹血淋巴。将表达CSEGF的蚕蛹经冻干直接制成EGF冻干粉胶囊,经测定冻干粉中EGF的质量比达140μg/g。动物模型试验显示该冻干粉对酸诱导的急性胃粘膜损伤的SD大鼠有显著的修复作用,对大鼠裸鼠的肾细胞生长也有明显的促进作用。     

CpG-ODN enhances mammary gland defense during mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection in goats

Seven healthy native goats in early lactation, weighing 30–40 kg, were used in this study. The right mammary gland of the seven does were infused with CpG-ODN at a dosage of 100 μg kg⁻¹ body weight on the day 5 postpartum (PP). The left glands were used as controls and infused with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). On day 8 PP, the same dosage of CpG-ODN or PBS was again infused. On day 9 PP, the mammary glands (both right and left) of the seven does were infused with 6 × 10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU) Escherichia coli and, at 0, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h postinfection (PI), milk samples were collected from all glands. Goats were euthanized at 72 h PI and the mammary tissue harvested. Infusion with 6 × 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ E. coli induced acute mastitis. Histopathological evaluations showed that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were still present in alveoli at 72 h PI, but PMNs in the CpG-ODN-treated glands has disappeared. Bacteria counts in milk peaked at 16 h PI and CpG-ODN induced a significant decrease in viable bacteria from 16 h PI until the end of the experiment. This study showed that CpG-ODN promoted the expression of its specific receptor (TLR-9 mRNA) in mammary tissue, stimulated IL-6 production, reduced bacteria counts in milk, attenuated the impact of inflammation mediators on cells and significantly shortened the inflammation course. These results suggest that the CpG-ODN improved mammary gland defense and, thereby, had a beneficial effects against mastitis caused by E. coli infection in goats.     

Migration,colonization and seedling growth of rhizobia with matrine treatment in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of matrine on the migration and the colonization dynamics of the two fluorescent-tagged rhizobia in Gannong No.5 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Gannong No. 5) tissues, and also to determine the effect of the combination treatments on alfalfa seedlings’ growth.

Materials and methods: 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L^?1 matrine levels were added into two cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-tagged rhizobia; Ensifer meliloti LZgn5f (gn5f) and Ensifer meliloti 12531f (12531f), respectively; and drenched the alfalfa root with the inoculants. Then the migration and colonization of the two rhizobia in alfalfa on D7, D14, D21 and D28, and subsequently seedling growth were investigated.

Results: The results showed that the optimum matrine level enhanced the colonization of both fluorescent-tagged rhizobia in alfalfa roots and the highest colonization densities of log 6.31 cfu g^?1 and log 5.87 cfu g^?1 were achieved by adding 300 mg L^?1 matrine into 12531f and adding 100 mg L^?1 matrine into gn5f, respectively. They could migrate to the aerial tissues and most colonize stems through the application of adding 300 mg L^?1 matrine into 12531f and 100 mg L^?1 matrine into gn5f, respectively. No fluorescent-tagged rhizobia were detected in the control treatment. Alfalfa seedling growth parameters like leaf chlorophyll content, seedling growth rate, root length, seedling biomass and total N percentage also increased the most when 300 mg L^?1 matrine was added into 12531f and 100 mg L^?1 matrine added into gn5f treatments.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that 300 mg L^?1 matrine added into 12531f and 100 mg L^?1 matrine added into gn5f might be exploited to promote the colonization of rhizobia in alfalfa tissue and positively impact growth and yield, indicating possible benefits for plant cultivation.     

基于CLUE-S模型的南四湖流域土地利用及其生态效应评估

[目的]分析南四湖流域土地利用变化的生态效应并探讨其动态演变特征,为流域土地资源的合理开发利用和生态系统的保护提供参考。[方法]基于南四湖流域2000至2015年土地利用数据,利用生态系统服务价值核算模型及CLUE-S模型对南四湖流域的生态服务价值及其动态演变特征进行计算和分析。[结果]2000—2015年南四湖流域耕地、草地和未利用地面积减少,林地、水域/湿地和城乡建设用地面积增加,南四湖流域整体生态系统服务价值增加了9.10亿元,但粮食生产、气体调节和保持土壤等生态功能分别下降了0.85%,0.85%和1.29%,生态问题依旧存在,生态系统服务价值分布不均匀,生态减值区的分布范围大于生态增值区。2030年流域内生态系统服务价值略微增加,而粮食生产、气体调节和保持土壤等单项生态系统服务功能继续下降,生态价值极低区以城市为中心向四周扩张,生态增值区范围缩小。[结论]虽然研究区内生态系统服务价值呈上升趋势,但生态价值分布不平衡,生态服务功能有升有降,因此有必要制定相应的措施,来控制土地利用类型的转换,平衡流域内的生态环境。     

基于温度植被干旱指数的兖州煤田煤炭开采影响边界遥感提取

为识别植被覆盖区煤炭开采的生态影响边界,该文以兖州煤田为研究区域,应用温度植被干旱指数TVDI(temperature vegetation drought index)反演沉陷积水区外围的土壤湿度空间分布特征,利用MATLAB拟合TVDI变化趋势并依据其趋于稳定的渐近线,反解煤炭开采活动对矿区生态的影响边界,将其与采用MSCS(mining subsidence prediction system,MSCS)软件预计获得的下沉10 mm沉陷边界进行对比。结果表明:不同距离的TVDI中位数随距积水区边缘距离的变化表现为先增加后趋于平稳、呈指数变化特征;基于TVDI分析得到的煤炭开采的非积水影响范围,仅相当于沉陷积水面积的2.07倍,预计沉陷非积水面积与预计沉陷积水面积之比为4.63倍。通过模型拟合遥感指数随距离的变化特征,能够获得煤炭开采的影响边界;兖州煤田基于TVDI获取的煤炭开采影响面积,相对小于预计的开采沉陷面积。该研究可为确定煤炭开采对生态影响的边界提供参考。     

黄酒米浆水制备农用酵素营养液发酵过程中营养成分的变化

黄酒米浆水是黄酒酿造浸米工序中的副产物,属于高浓度有机废水,用之是宝,弃之严重污染环境。采用米浆水代替清水作为配料水,以叶菜类废弃物包括萝卜叶、白菜叶和莴笋叶为植物原料,混合红砂糖,自然发酵制备农用酵素营养液,研究其发酵过程中主要营养组分的变化规律。结果表明,利用黄酒米浆水制备的农用酵素营养液各营养组分在发酵过程中显著高于用清水制备的对照组（P<0.05）。不同植物材料制备的米浆水农用酵素营养液各营养组分变化趋势类似,总糖含量呈下降趋势,钾离子含量呈先升高后降低再升高变化,总氮、总磷、总酸和游离氨基酸含量整体均呈上升趋势;以萝卜叶农用酵素营养液为例,发酵90 d时,总糖含量下降76.68 %,总氮、总磷、钾离子、总酸和游离氨基酸总量分别上升40.56 %、53.58 %、22.83 %、33.08 %和183.4 %;17种游离氨基酸中丙氨酸含量最高,为3 677.4 mg·L^-1,提高638.6%。不同植物材料制备的农用酵素营养液均含有较丰富的养分,但养分含量差异明显（P<0.05）;其中萝卜叶农用酵素营养液发酵各时段总氮、总磷、总糖和总酸含量的平均值较高,分别为4.67 mg·mL^-1、628.20 mg·L^-1、5.22 %和13.30 g·L^-1;萝卜叶农用酵素营养液发酵90 d时游离氨基酸总量最高,为14 157.3 mg·L^-1;莴笋叶农用酵素营养液发酵各时段钾离子含量平均值较高,达到95.22 mmol·L^-1。     

基于1H-NMR代谢组学研究夏秋茶对肉鸡脂肪和氨基酸代谢的影响

通过饲养试验,采用核磁共振（¹H-NMR）代谢组学技术研究夏秋绿茶对肉鸡脂肪和氨基酸代谢的影响。将240只试验肉鸡分为4组,分别饲喂添加0.00、2.50、5.00和10.00 g·kg^-1夏秋茶粉的玉米-豆粕型试验饲粮,采用核磁共振代谢组学技术评价其血清与氨基酸和脂肪代谢有关的代谢产物,同时测量了肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和抗氧化指标。结果表明,在肉鸡饲料中添加一定浓度的绿茶粉具有明显的代谢终产物调节氨基酸和脂肪代谢的代谢效应,通过增强甘氨酸/丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢和丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,增强了肉鸡抗氧化能力。其血清核磁谱表明可将谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺和甘氨酸视为绿茶粉调节代谢的潜在生物标志物,同时饲粮中添加绿茶粉不影响肉鸡的肝肾功能,对肉鸡的生产性能又一定改善作用。